Loyalty Marketing

Customer Loyalty Program for Restaurants in a five Star Hotel:Customer marketing long since began when marketing practices started.   Loyalty marketing is not a new concept.   Best customers generate most profits an example was in the 50s when ‘mom & pop stores look after its best customers.   A good customer spends more than thirty percent and keeps coming back but worst customers are less loyal.Chris X. Moloney and Fred Reichheld noted that loyalty marketing has a new marketing discipline called â€Å"Customer Advocacy Marketing† (CAM).   This programme in marketing is strongly linked with loyalty and customer referral (Wikepedia).With the future, it seems that new technology can always be costly but it is a marketer’s friend.   Hence, technologies and techniques of the past in some tasks are most reliable and appropriate especially in the business of hospitality and restaurants particularly for tasks where attitudes and habits of consumers are difficu lt to change.I.   Customer Loyalty – its benefitsThe rapid advancement of technology, relations between the 21st century customer and supplier needs to be nurtured because of growing competition and new demands or high customers’ expectations.   Restaurant businesses grow faster than the rate of demand.   A business is building up then suddenly a new comer comes along.   For this reason, it made sense to nurture or retain regular good customers than to attract new ones.a. Long Term ProfitabilityMarketing is supposed to contribute long term profitability into a business but competition is intense.   Now it is important to regard its effort in a changing marketplace.First of all we must check how a loyalty program fits an establishment, how can it continue to progress, and how to encourage future investment for its continuous development or its expansion?Customer Loyalty Program is only one aspect of the comprehensive marketing techniques but it is the central pillar of the plan.   In the article written by Randolph Hobler he noted that only 5% of the top 130 restaurants in the US have loyalty programs (Hobler).   Sixty percent of consumers go to restaurants with rewards program.   However, despite of the knowledge that a good loyalty program pays back from the very beginning; (example is the Tesco’s Club Card who makes money from day to day). Still, only twenty five percent of the National Restaurant Association in the U.S. used loyalty program.To attain this program data must be collected and from these data a study or an intelligent interpretation should be provided to have much clearer picture on the customer base.   Most of the program will have this question â€Å"When is the payback begun to happen?†Ã‚   For some it happens right away but in some it will depend on the circumstances.b. Customer RetentionHigh performing companies retains customers and magnets other clients.   Businesses that retains its client s makes more money at lower cost than the one who constantly pays for advertisements just to invite new customers.   A loyal customer depends mainly on the good and sound practice of the business and its marketing schemes at all times.   Clients are normally easy to lose than to win.Retaining customers have simple principles:   know your clients and reward them.It is important to perform the following tasks:a. Study the peak-hour and plan to retain the number of customers at slow times.b. Make new menu items and take-out productsc. Provide functions activities such as parties with specialty drinksd. Up-sell products like value mealse. Provide incentives and encourage secure registering and loading of cardsf. Changing business operations for a greater profit must also be considered by creating an economic balance between getting the attention of customers and in giving them rewards.II. How to build customer loyalty – its factorsCritical factors to built customer loyaltyM arket Size or EstimationThis is a tool which gives very good guidelines to calculate market sizes reasonably of the member base who would receive loyalty programs or rewards.Trends and ForecastTrends means consumer behavior and spending patterns based on customer marketing initiatives and forecasts of future marketing campaigns.Best practices and InnovationsProblems with loyalty programs and practices will be examined like issues and pitfalls, corporate values and visions including inconsistent messages to consumers, comparing loyalty rewards from competitors and finding out what does not work.Best Customer Marketing Access Pricing and Customer Lifetime ValueAs it implies, directing good customers since they bring the most profit.   Since pricing strategy is the key features in every business, best customers should have access to discounted pricing throughout its lifetime.   Customers may collect points on their purchase on a frequent or everyday basis measuring loyalty’s effect on the customer’s lifetime value.Essential data or business models can be used to analyze CLV calculations.  Ã‚   â€Å"The most important factor in consumer loyalty program is the price†(Weiss). Although it is important not all people buy because of the price but sometimes because of   loyalty to the brand.Customer loyalty and analysis – New toolsWe do not develop loyalty tools from scratch but examine newer tools used by the loyalty rewards program.   Some of them are:   The loyalty token – it is the bit of the program that members carry in order to have contact with the program.   An advantage of this is to link the transaction with the database however those data can be transmitted to and fro.   Why?   It is important to search the true value and function of a reward, its properties, getting the most of it, and the reward redemption process.Human Aspect of the Loyalty programThe aspect of human loyalty is very important.   This is the cycle of customer – employee – shareholder/owner relationships.   These are actions and emotions that must satisfy every human condition.   This is also one way of keeping clients happy with a new policy since most of the time the front liners are the one who deals with customers closely and yet are the ones who are underpaid.Customer loyalty program for hotels, resorts and casinosOne reason why restaurants in hotels are not expanding on its reward program is due to the fact that almost 50% of visitors do not belong to any loyalty program.   The business is still an untapped market.  Ã‚   For instance the use of wireless consoles to summon waiters, loyalty programs with personalize services such as greeting the customer by the name and   seats the client at their favorite table with his usual drink etc.. Technologies are also employed to hasten meal preparations.The future of loyalty as what experts thinks:The best way of looking into the future is to examine what happened in the past and from that make a projection.   Though it is hard to make expectations because sometimes things happen when you least expect it.The trend for globalization will have two distinctive effects. One, there will be no division in the international border.   We will have a global macro-regional system as opposed to centralized system we have today.  Ã‚   Second, worldwide trend on customer loyalty will be more difficult to develop because of the ever changing consumer values. (Trend).The future is here today. It would be to the disadvantage of new marketers of today if they would not embrace the new technologies.We are expected to see in the future more sophisticated innovations and consumers will expect more points to buy items which ordinarily are out of reach.   Marketers who will not embrace this change will be at the least advantage state.Since the opening of Scala’s Bistro in 1995 a culinary of French and Italian countryside, the restaurants focused on list of primarily California and Italian selections of wine along with few French varietals.   Scala offers 10-15 choices by the glass and 150 selections by the bottle.   The restaurants serve culinary delights of both Italy and France; fresh local vegetables combine to a rustic innovative menu.   It has offered 18% of gratuity to parties of more than six.   One can be found at 432 Powell Street, San Francisco, CA. or search the web to find out comments of its satisfied customers.References:Hobler, Randolph. â€Å"Late to the Table.† 2006.Trend, Herman. â€Å"The Future of Customer Loyalty â€Å", 2007.Weiss, Allen. â€Å"Is Price *Really* the Most Important Factor in Consumer Loyalty?† 2007.Wikepedia. â€Å"Loyalty Marketing.† 2007.

Genetically Modified Foods: a Growing Concern Essay

Living in America, we sometimes forget what a huge problem malnutrition and starvation are in other parts of the world. It’s estimated that over 852 million people in the world are severely food deprived. Now, imagine a world where no one goes hungry, a farmer’s crop can survive a long drought or an early frost and still produce a large harvest, and harmful insects and weeds cannot survive in the same field as a crop. Imagine a world where malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies are a thing of the past, because the food we eat is so much more nutritious. Some scientists believe that, through new technology, this world could be a reality in our lifetime. I’m talking about genetically modified foods, or GM foods for short. People have been genetically altering foods for hundreds of years, but due to recent technological advancements, the potential of these foods have changed drastically. Many scientists believe that genetically modifying foods could help end world hunger while others say that it could result in human and environmental catastrophe. Although there are many potential risks there are also many potential benefits. Like the old saying goes, â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility. † Like almost all new technologies, genetically modified food technology needs to be closely monitored and evaluated as it progresses. Ultimately, genetically modified food technology has too much potential to be completely halted. So just what exactly is genetically modified food? In short, genetically modified foods are organisms that have had their DNA artificially changed to give them a new characteristic. Normally, these modifications are made to produce plants that are resistant to herbicides and pesticides, produce more food, have more nutrients, grow faster, or survive in harsher climates than usual. However, there have also been more unusual experiments done. According to American Scientist Magazine, a gene from a jellyfish has been spliced into plants to make them emit light. In another case the Monsanto Corporation (the largest genetically modified food company in the world) is developing grass seed that will produce different colored lawns. These altered organisms are commonly called genetically engineered, genetically modified, transgenic, or â€Å"Franken-foods†. Genetically engineered foods first went on the market in 1994. The product was a tomato engineered by a company called Calgene. The species of the tomato was called the FlavrSavr. Ironically, it was considered to have a mediocre flavor and never sold well. The FlavrSavr was a commercial failure and was off the market by 1997. Despite the early failure of the FlavrSavr, GM foods have flourished in the last ten years. Odds are you’ve eaten many genetically modified foods and not even known it. Currently, The Grocery Manufacturers of America estimate that 75% of processed foods in the U. S. contain at least one genetically modified ingredient. Although, genetically engineered foods have only been in production for the last 15 years, humans have been altering the DNA of plants for ages. For centuries, people have been using artificial selection to cross-breed plants. For example, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage have all derived from the same species of mustard. However, the process of artificial selection is very difficult and time consuming. Artificial selection is also limited to only plants of similar species. Fortunately, recent advancements in technology have made it possible to move DNA from one species to another regardless of their differences. The process behind GM foods is very difficult and complex, so this is a very simplified explanation of how it works. There are two main methods of genetically modifying foods. The first method uses bacteria to modify the DNA. First, the scientist uses enzymes to cut the desired gene out of the DNA. The gene is then coupled by a promoter and a terminator, these act as signposts to show the beginning and the end of the desired gene. Next, the gene is inserted into section of DNA called a plasmid. The plasmid is then inserted into bacteria. Finally, the bacteria are used to infect the plant cells, where they transfer the gene into the plant cell’s chromosome. The second method is more advanced but also more expensive than the first method. Here, the desired gene is cut from the DNA then attached to a tiny particle of gold or tungsten. Next, the particles are shot into the plant cells using a particle gun or â€Å"biolistic† gun. Lastly, the desired gene falls off of the particle and attaches to the chromosome. After insertion is achieved, the cell is allowed to divide so it makes copies of itself. Once the plants start to grow, they are tested to see if the gene was successfully transferred. Along with the original desired gene, a marker gene is also implanted in the cell. This is used as an easily identifiable trait. This way, all the scientist needs to do is look for this trait and if it is there then they know the desired gene was transferred successfully too. Through those two methods, scientists have been able to do amazing things. The potential benefits of genetically modifying foods are incredible. First off, there are many obvious benefits for the farmer. Their crops will be better because of advantages like herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. Another thing is that GM crops are being altered to withstand harsher weather and generate more food. Also, the farmer doesn’t have to spray his field as much, cutting down on the amount of fuel he uses. It’s estimated that GM foods have indirectly allowed farmers to cut back by 475 million gallons of fuel over the past nine years, which cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions. There are even more benefits for the consumer. Because of increased production, there is more food, which in turn means cheaper food. Also, genetic engineering makes it possible for foods to taste better and be more nutritious. In fact, scientists at The University of Pittsburg School of Medicine recently engineered a pig that generates Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3’s are substances that help prevent cardiovascular disease. If this is approved by the FDA we could soon have pork that is actually good for your heart. Another group of scientists have created what they call â€Å"golden rice. † This is rice that contains beta carotene and vitamin A. Many nations rely heavily on rice as their main food source and this will immensely help those people get the nutrients they need. Another crop has been created that ripens much slower after being picked, so it can be shipped longer distances before rotting. Even with all of these benefits, genetically modified foods are still very controversial. Many people think GM foods are very dangerous and could result in human and environmental catastrophe. Some critics think that, much like bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics, insects could become resistant to the pesticides used on GM crops, making them more difficult to deal with in the future. Also, new plants could produce new allergens and toxins that the human body is unfamiliar with. The majority of GM foods being produced are resistant to herbicides. Researchers believe that this will cause farmers to use more herbicides on their crops. In turn, this could result in pollution that could be harmful to humans and the environment. Another concern is that, through cross-pollination, weeds and other plants could pick up the modified gene and become resistant to the very chemicals that are used to kill them. Although there seems to be many concerns over genetically modifying foods, no study has been done that shows any major risk associated with GM foods. The genetically modified food business continues to steadily grow despite public ignorance and uncertainty. Between 1996 and 2003 the amount of land being used to grow GM plants was increased by 40 times over. It is estimated that over 200 million acres of farm land are now devoted to growing GM plants. In 2000, only three countries made up for 98% of the global GM crop. America produces 68%, Argentina accounts for 23%, and Canada is responsible for 7%. Recently European governments and businesses have been pushing to boost their own GM food production. Nevertheless, according to a recent survey by The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, Americans are still very uncomfortable with GM foods. The survey showed that the majority of Americans know little to nothing about genetically engineered plants and animals, but it also showed that American consumers do not support banning the new technology, but rather want regulations put in place to ensure that the new products are safe. Regardless of how the public feels, we can expect to see more genetically modified foods in the future and exponential growth in the biotechnology business. Some ideas that developers have already mentioned are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases, fish that mature quicker, fruit and nut trees that mature quicker, and plants that produce new plastics that have unique properties. As soon as more long-term research is done we can expect to see an explosion of unique new GM products on the market. Ultimately, genetically modified plant technology has too much potential to be completely halted. Right now, most scientists agree that there is no proof that GM foods pose any threat to people or the environment. With proper evaluation and responsibility, genetically modified foods could help solve world hunger. That is a goal too great to be ignored because of possible threats. There are many potential risks associated with GM foods, but the potential benefits far outweigh them. Works Cited Black, Richard. â€Å"Europe Urged to Embrace GM Foods. † BBC News. 12 Sept. 2004. 15 April 2006 . Chaudry, Arshad. â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods. † BioTeach. 16 April. 2006 . Eat This. † Penn & Teller: Bullshit!. Dir. Mark Wolper. Perf. Pen Jillette and Teller. 2003. DVD. Showtime Entertainment. 2004. Fagan Ph. D. , John B. â€Å"Genetically Engineered Food- a Serious Health Risk. † NetLink. 15 April 2006 . Flynn, Kara. â€Å"Trade War over Biotech Food: Now, Later, or Never. † Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. 13 Feb. 2003. 16 Apr. 2006 â€Å"Genetically Modified Food. † Wikipedia. 16 Apr. 2006. 17 Apr. 2006 Lemonick, Michael D. â€Å"Eat Pork, Prevent Heart Disease?. † TIME Magazine. 27 Mar. 2006. Marvier, Michelle. â€Å"Ecology of Transgenic Crops. † American Scientist Magazine 89 (Mar. 2001): 160-167. Nash/Zurich, J. Madeleine. â€Å"Grains of Hope. † TIME Magazine. 31 July 2000. Rifkin, Jeremy. â€Å"Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature’s Designs. † The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea A Lundsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2004 287-97.

Citation and Argumentative Research Paper

Kenned Taylor Evaluator: Angela Moore Title: Pro's and Cons of Abortion What was the thesis statement of the essay? Abortions, an unethical practice of termination should be illegal because it is considered murder, can cause physiological and medical problems, and reduces the number of adoptions. How was the introduction? Did it grab your attention? If so, how? If not, what could have been done differently? The introduction was good and it did grab my attention by showing interesting facts.Did the author make a strong case for their argument? What was the strongest argument that was made? Lacked evidence for the arguments, not strong enough arguments. What was the weakest argument made? Arguments were all kind of weak How well did the author Incorporate: Facts? Yes Anecdotes? No Quotes? There wasn't many quotes In the paper. How well did the author follow the PAP formatting and citation requirements? What could have been done differently? The PAP Format could use a little more work b ut overall it was fine.The reference page needs to be finished. How well did the author do with using correct grammar and punctuation? Were there any specific areas that he or she needs to work on for future papers? (Be specific) There were a few spelling mistakes and the sentences had much grammar (Passive 1 OFF Could you determine a Christian worldview in the paper? If yes, what was it? Yes there was a Christian world view, abortion is a sin. Did the conclusion wrap up the paper without introducing new information? Yes but you need to work on length.

The governance of international football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The governance of international football - Essay Example Representative, clean, transparent democracies operating at all levels of the football family, leading to self-regulation within football - FIFA, UEFA, member associations and their components would be sufficiently democratic, transparent and well-organized to avoid any form of external political intervention. UEFA should act as a representative voice for the European football family. The Union of European Football Associations, almost always referred to UEFA is the administrative and controlling body for European football. It represents the national football associations of Europe, runs Europe-wide national and club competitions, and controls the prize money, regulations and media rights to those competitions. (Wikipedia) UEFA was founded on June 15, 1954 in Basel, Switzerland following discussions between the French, Italian and Belgian FAs. The headquarters was in Paris until 1959 when the organisation moved to Bern. Henri Delaunay was the first General Secretary and Ebbe Schwartz the president. Its administrative centre since 1995 is in Nyon, Switzerland. It was initially made up of 25 national associations. Currently there are 53 associations. UEFA is one of the biggest of six continental confederations of FIFA. Of all the confederations, it is by far the strongest in terms of wealth and influence over the global game. Virtually all of the world's top players play in European leagues in part due to the salaries available from the world's wealthiest football clubs, particularly in England, France, Italy, Spain and Germany. Many of the world's strongest national sides are in UEFA. Of the 32 available spots in the 2006 World Cup, 14 were allocated to UEFA national teams.(Dyjan 49) Main Missions of UEFA Constitute Ensure a coherent approach to decision-makers and opinion-formers on issues of relevance to European football. Maintain good relations with the other continental football confederations and FIFA. Achieve commercial success and sound finances without distorting the sporting qualities of our competitions. Use UEFA's revenues to support re-investment and re-distribution in the game in accordance with the principle of solidarity between all levels and areas of sport. Target specific aid and assistance to help member associations with the greatest need. Promote positive sporting values, including fair play and anti-racism, as well as safe and secure match environments. (Dyjan 51) FIFA The Fdration Internationale de Football Association, known worldwide by its acronym FIFA, is the international governing body of Football (soccer) and the largest sporting organization in the world. Its headquarters are in Zrich, Switzerland, and its current president is Sepp Blatter. FIFA is responsible for the organisation and governance of football's major international tournaments, most notably the FIFA World Cup, held since 1930. FIFA is the largest sporting governing body and the second largest international organization in the world, after the United Nations, with over two hundred member associations split between six continental regions.(Wikipedia) The laws of football that govern the game are not solely the responsibility of FIFA; they are maintained by a body called the International Football

Essay on Government Borrowing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Government Borrowing - Essay Example The government borrows majorly through issuing treasury bills, Canada Savings Bonds, and marketable bonds in domestic and foreign markets. The Financial Administration Act dictates that Governor in Council has the mandate to authorize the Minister to borrow money on behalf of Her Majesty in the right of Canada. The government borrowing has been too high and the interest is very low. The government Canada reported a net debt of approximately $ 616.9 billion in the fiscal year 2010-11. This was a rise by $ 34.4 billion from 2009-10. Canada’s total government net debt-to-GDP ratio hit 30.4 per cent in the year 2010 (Department of Finance of Canada, 2012). This paper will explore the issue of high government borrowing and low interest rates. It will give economic measures to tackle the problem in Canada. The level of government borrowing is crucial ingredient of fiscal policy and management of aggregate demand in any economy. When an individual government runs a budget deficit, it implies that in that fiscal year, total government spending exceeds total tax revenue. When a government experiences a deficit in its budget estimates, it has to borrow in order to bridge the gap. This forces the government to issue its debt as Treasury Bills and long-term government bonds through central bank. The negative effects of Canadian government’s high borrowing are duplicated in the in the financial statements of the country. In the 31 March 2011, the Department of Finance of Canada announced that interest-bearing debt was $ 801.8 billion. This was an increase by $ 39.0 billion from the year 2010. Similarly, the un-matured debt was higher by 32.0 Canadian dollars. In addition, liabilities for pension and other benefits for employees went higher by 7.3 billion Canadian dollars. Increase in government borrowing through issuing of bonds such as treasury bills and securities to pay interest in fixed period or indefinitely (Department of Finance of Canada, 2012). Canada has not registered positive results fiscal stimulus. The economic stimulus seems it is not effective. The government borrowing has led to low interest rates making government run a budget deficit. In addition, fiscal stimulus has demonstrated inflationary effects that results from high demand. Fiscal stimulus entails the proposition that through borrowing money and spending it, the government can raise the state of economy. This is through raising inputs and lowering the numbers of jobless. Fiscal stimulus can increase aggregate demand. Theoretically, printing money can be a form of fiscal stimulus. This is because money counts as a transfer payment. People will have a lot of money because of increased printing. However, in practice people do not just keep many dollars of their extra cash. People will spend the extra amount of money creating demand for services and goods. The increased aggregate demand leads to inflation. This is the state bedeviling Canada. The high borrowing of g overnment seems to create problems rather than to develop economy in Canada. When the government borrows money from private sector this corresponds to increase in spending on its part. However, government borrowing limits the spending of private sector. This therefore implies that job opportunities, which fiscal stimulus seeks to created are offset through decline in private spending. Canada is grappling with the same situation. Too much borrowing seems to impair the

Ethics in an academic environment are necessary to ensure student Research Proposal

Ethics in an academic environment are necessary to ensure student success - Research Proposal Example There are serious issues in the wake of showing ethical concerns within the academic environments all over the world. Committing plagiarism, remaining steadfast in copying and succumbing to last minute options like borrowing from another student’s work, etc are some of the common approaches that have been adopted by students all over the globe. (Hamilton, 2002) The problem lies in their priorities. They have not been taught to play it clean, always. Even if they have been taught as such, the need remains to be ascertained whether they actually want to follow such rules and implement within their lives. What they seem to miss is the fact that being morally right would keep their conscience clean and thus they would be able to learn more within the academic environment. (Cantor, 1993) However the role of media and the ever-increasing avenues of fun and enjoyment have made the students’ time difficult to manage. They find shortcuts and the best available for them is to see k quick help at a little cost. (Jonassen, 2004) Some believe that the corporate ethics have a great deal of its relevant or irrelevant say within the way the students behave within their academic regimes. What this implies is the fact that the top-down approach towards putting off work or doing it unethically has marred the university culture of late. The role of corporations and organizations might not be direct but then again there is a pertinent role. (Hoben & Yeoman, 2008) The act of using unethical means to one’s own liking for his personal benefit is indeed called plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious offense all over the world. The people who commit such acts are taken in a bad stead. The reasons for giving into the knack of plagiarism are manifolds. The most basic is to get the work done in a quick and speedy manner so that there is less trouble for the said person as far as completion of this work is concerned. However, this is no rationale for getting

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Reflection paper - Essay Example I read many medical terms while completing this activity. The words or abbreviations were PRN, vaccine, injection, body surface area, means and extremes, milliequivalent , proportion and ratio. These five steps could be used in various problem solving situations, for example they remind you to ask questions when help is needed. They also reminded to do what needs to be done and that I should show initiative and be a team player. Dealing with Medical math this observational serve introduced me to some Pediatric considerations in dealing with medications and where Medical Math is used. Here are some of the various formulas that are used for calculating dosages for children. They are Young’s Rule, Clark’s Rule, Fried’s Rule and Body surface area. I also learned the Five Rules for Medication Administration and they are right dose, right time, right route, right medication, and the right patient. I learned the routes of administration as well and they are enteral, percutaneous, and parenteral. (Christensen, p.395) This assignment of doing an observational serve would be good for a Medical Math course for it gave me practical knowledge and practice using my math skills, for example means and extremes. It also gave me a chance to show what I can do in a Pediatric type office. I found out that I liked working with the children. This observational serve showed me how to use the various problem solving skills in an academic way along with dealing with social issues when I was reading to the children and some of them were afraid and I read a children’s book about visiting the doctor’s

Reasons to Drill Off Shore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reasons to Drill Off Shore - Essay Example In other words, global economy is inversely proportional to oil prices. When oil price increases, global economy declines and when the oil price decreases global economy achieves growth. American economy also follows the same path as the global economy does. A world without oil fuel is unimaginable at present. Even though we have many other energy sources, none of them are capable of replacing oil. Even though nobody has any doubt about the utility or essentiality of oil in sustaining human life in its present form, some people argues against offshore drilling citing environmental reasons. At the time of crude oil purification and also at the time of operating vehicles, oil liberates so many greenhouse gases like oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, methane etc. Daniel et al (2006) have mentioned that â€Å"between 1976 and 1990, oil companies in Nigeria witnessed a total of 2,796 oil spills. An estimated total quantity of 2,105,393 barrels of oil was spilled on land, coastal and off shore marine environments† (Daniel et al, 2006, p.111). Amidst all such criticisms labeled against offshore drilling, it is a fact that the no other energy sources are capable of substituting oil. In other words, offshore drilling should be continued in its present form until we would be able to find out alternate energy sources to replace oil. â€Å"The United States consumes nearly one-fourth of the world's oil. The big discoveries are happening offshore, says Robert Bryce, managing editor of Energy Tribune† (Jervis et al, 2008). The above statistics and opinion clearly point towards the necessities of offshore drilling. It is difficult for United States to replace oil with another energy source at present because of the huge dependence of America on oil fuels. America is producing only 10% of its total oil needs, which means around 90% of oil required for its domestic usage, is being imported from overseas countries. It is difficult for America like big country to re ly heavily on other countries for energy needs. â€Å"Unfortunately, because of dumb luck, most of the world’s petroleum is controlled by nations that are unfriendly to the United States. Russia, Saudi Arabia and Iran were three of the top five producers of petroleum in 2007† (Column: Offshore Drilling Not Hoax, But Necessity To United States, 2009). Arab countries, Russia and China are the major oil producers in the world and America’s relations with these countries are not so good. Under such circumstances, if these countries decide to stop oil supply to America, energy crisis may intensify in America. Under such circumstances, it is necessary for America to increase offshore drilling to find out more oil sources. As Robert Bryce says, the possibility of big discoveries cannot be ruled out in offshore drilling. It should be noted that the entire faces of gulf countries have been changed immensely as result of the discovery of oil sources in those countries. Th e living standards of the people in gulf countries improved a lot as a result of the oil discovery. Such dramatic things can happen in America also and therefore oil drilling or offshore drilling should be continued even though criticisms are there. The following statistics from Louisiana reveals the importance of offshore drilling further. Louisiana has had offshore drilling since 1947. About 172 active rigs dot the Gulf of Mexico waters off the coast, producing about 79% of the oil and 72% of the natural gas that comes from drilling off the nation's

Identity and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identity and culture - Essay Example If a person favors the said outlook, the main priority is to be viewed as a being apart from others in the society. He/she is an individual thriving in an out-group on the belief that he/she can better exist in the said setting. On the other hand, there are individuals in the society who prioritize collectivism. They want to be perceived as one of the members of the in-group. As compared to people who advocate individualism, people in this group wanted to maximize interpersonal relationship and communication. They thrive and operate exceptionally through cultural empathy and can be considered as those people who have great understanding of the need for unity regardless of differences. People who wanted to be perceived as one who understands culture and the behaviors of other people are often open to acculturation and enculturation. The main query of the paper explores the influence of identity and culture on the manner by which a person wanted to be perceived by others. It can be considered that identity and culture are interacting elements that produce a person’s character. A person who wanted to be perceived as an individualist gives more priority to his or her individuality while a person who wanted to be perceived as a very social and cooperative person gives more priority to his or her role in the society contribution to the

Single Person Decision Theory and Efficient Market Theory Essay

Single Person Decision Theory and Efficient Market Theory - Essay Example The theory trusts the decision making capability of an individual and holds the belief that the decision maker is equipped with extreme computational expertise. According to the single person decision theory, investors should be completely made aware of the potential threats of investment along with the benefits that are frequently advertised. Not just this, the investor should also be made aware of the possible strategies that can be implemented to combat the threat. This requires the experts to be experienced enough to identify the potential threats that can be encountered as a result of the investment, and propose the solutions accordingly. Some of the key features of the single person decision theory are as follows: 1. It is essentially a model that formally explains the best way important decisions can be made and information can be considered. 2. It takes investing parties as risk averse. 3. It considers new information important enough to bring change in the decisions. 4. When new information is found, it may alter the original beliefs of the individuals responsible for decision making. 5. It explains the way an individual can make rational decisions while being in the state of uncertainty (Scott 60). 6. The decision maker selects the most appropriate choice from a whole range of alternatives.

Criminology-Police Brutality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminology-Police Brutality - Essay Example ely to produce great bodily injury† and with assault â€Å"under color of authority.† This triggered massive riots in the streets of Los Angeles, now referred to as the LA Riots, and is known to be one of the worst and most destructive civil disturbances in the history of melting-pot State. More than fifty people lost their lives in the three-day frenzy of violence. The main cause of furor was the belief that the police violence was racially-motivated and the ferocity of the attack would not have happened if Rodney King were white. As unfortunate as the outcome was, the incident could be said to be a good learning tool in that it invites us to revisit the issue of police brutality and the question of whether or not such brutality by law enforcement officers made while in the line of duty actually result in effective law enforcement. And if it were so – i.e., if apprehension of criminals was actually more certain if the police engage in strong-arm tactics – is this enough reason to bend or relax human rights standards in the Constitution and in various human rights instruments? Legal systems in the civilized world – whether in civil or common law jurisdictions -- have, at least in theory, given primacy to the rights of the accused, understanding that ambiguity should be resolved in his or her favor. This, however, does not mean that one must let down his or her vigilance and stop guarding against possible infringement of constitutional guarantees by overzealous judges, particularly at a time when human rights advocacy for the accused has been made unpopular by the rising rate of crime. It used to be that the primacy of the State is the core principle of the international legal regime as it is traditionally known. This, however, has been challenged by the alarming rise of state-sponsored human rights violations that has prodded the community of nations to recognize that its more pressing duty is to protect the individual from systemic and institutional

My Ambition to Be a Software Engineer Essay Example for Free

My Ambition to Be a Software Engineer Essay He stares at me. Look at these sentences, Farmers plough the paddy field. Farmers plough in the paddy field. She speaks English. She speaks in English. This is the way; we form plural verbs into singular. 1. Most of the plural verbs form their singular by adding S to the plural verbs. Ex. Speak – Speaks Come – comes Love loves www. eduLanka. com 1 eduLanka Online English education 2. If a plural, verb ends in [ss,ch,sh,x,o] we form the singular by adding es to the plural. Ex. Catch – catches Wash – washes 3. If a plural verb ends in a Y following a component to the form the singular Y changes into I and add ES. Ex. Study – studies Fly flies But sometimes Play – plays Say says Verb has basically three forms. Some verbs can give below: Base Form Bet burst Cost Cut Let Split Beat Bring Bleed Come Dig Creep Catch Dream Get Light Lose Meet Pay Keep Have Past Tense bet burst cost cut let split beat brought bled came dug crept caught dreamt got lit lost met paid kept had Past Participle bet burst cost cut let split beaten brought bled came dug crept caught dreamt got lit lost met paid kept had ww. eduLanka. com 2 eduLanka Online English education Make Find Leave Mean Run Say Send Sell Be Give Go made found left meant ran said sent sold was gave went made found left meant run said sent sold been given gone Online education lessons From: www. edulanka. com www. eduLanka. com 3 eduLanka Online English education

Egon Schiele: Influences on and Impact in Art

Egon Schiele: Influences on and Impact in Art Was Egon Schiele ahead of his time or just in touch with it? A master of expressionism or practising pornographer and paedophile? What was the driving force behind his most memorable images; those being his nudes and self portraits? Looking at economic, social, personal influences, was he milking the times and environment for self gain or was he a hormone raging self absorbed youngster finding himself? Introduction Expressionism is described in typically polemic terms in the preface for the 1912 exhibition in Cologne, featuring new artists of this genre. In it, it says: â€Å"the exhibition is intended to offer a general view of the newest movement in painting, which has succeeded atmospheric naturalism and the impressionist rendering of motion, and which strives to offer a simplification and intensification in the mode of expression, after new rhythms and new uses of colour and a decorative or monumental configuration – a general view of that movement which has been described as expressionism.† Schiele certainly fulfilled the loose terminologies expressed above, as a great deal of the subject matter he explored, primarily his nudes and his self-portraits, were concerned with the constant need to redefine and explore different ways of expressing these themes; a simplification and intensification in the mode of expression. At times, Schiele reduces the broad sentiments of Impressionism to a single streak; he cuts out all that is unnecessary, reducing his backgrounds to a simple wash of colour, and thus focuses on his primary interest, that of the human subject. Schiele was also extremely concerned with the notion of self in his work; he is frequently cited in critical work as a narcissist and, with over 100 self portraits to his name, each of which appear to be concerned with showing himself in various, often contradictory ways, this would appear to be true. But, beyond simple glorification of the self, Schiele seems to be doing something else in his self-portraiture. By picturing himself in such a varied and at times contradictory way, Schiele in turn questions his own authenticity, and attempts to align himself with that great canon of artist in society, as a contemporary Promethean or Christ-like figure. â€Å"Allegory, unmasking, the presentation of a personable image, and close scrutiny of body language as influenced by the psyche, all met most palpably where Schieles eye looked most searchingly – in his self-portraits, his odyssey through the vast lands of the self. His reflections on and of himself filled a great hall of mirrors where he performed a pantomime of the self unparalleled in twentieth century art.† Indeed, the ambiguity of Schiele as regards himself is a dense and complex subject, which regards both â€Å"truth†, and a more subjective appraisal of art in Viennese society during the time in which Schiele was painting. Schiele was also concerned with breaking down and fundamentally opposing the traditions of Viennese culture and art which, at the time, were largely very conservative in opinion. In his art, Schiele would strike out at the culture that celebrated Biedermeier art and the slavish reproduction of classical works that he was taught at Viennas Academie der Bildunden Kunste (Viennas Academy of Fine Art), which he was admitted to on the grounds of his exceptional talent as a draughtsman. Most prominently, he would break these rules, and was thus ahead of his times with his extremely controversial oeuvre, which broke from these schools almost completely, both stylistically and in terms of the subject matter that they conveyed. But it is extremely difficult, if not impossible when considering any artist to extricate him / her from the times in which he / she was born. An artist is inevitably bound to the world around him / her, and thus, it is important to consider the economic, social and cultural trends that were prevalent at the time. Schiele was part of the expressionist movement – which immediately set itself up against the heralded principals of art in Vienna, by setting up its own artist-led business entities, using the work and the life of Klimt as an example. I will expand upon the layered history that led up to Viennese expressionism, and hope to extrapolate the extent to which Schiele was paving the way for a new generation of artists. Schieles art was especially controversial in its subject matter. In his early work especially, unflinching portraits were painted that not only showed Schiele in uncompromising positions, but also subjects such as proletariat children, who were invariably portrayed naked, and painted with a grotesque and sickly eroticism that draws you unerringly into these taboo areas. Whether Schiele was deliberately trying to shock and provoke the modesties of the Viennese public, or whether he was trying to uncover a more universal, spiritual or sexual truth is subject to debate. Overall, in this essay, I will discuss how the history of Vienna impacted upon the work of Schiele, looking at the cultural, social and economic impact of Schiele. I will also look at how Schiele uses the self-portrait, especially how he chooses to either promote, or at least define the prevalent role of expressionist artist in his work. Then I will look at how the abundance of these controversial self-portraits, along with innumerable photographs of Schiele posing, in turn makes Schieles identity in his work more ambiguous. Then I will look at the more pornographic side of Schiele, and question how Schiele, deeply embedded in the cultural and moral codes of the time, reacted entirely against them and established his own, art of â€Å"ugliness†. History Of Viennese Expressionism Fredrick Raphael, in his preface to Dream Story by Arthur Schnitzler, suggests something about the Viennese psyche; he says that: â€Å"In 1866, Bismarcks Prussia destroyed Austro-Hungarys bravely incompetent army at Sadowa. The effect of that defeat on the Viennese psyche cannot be exactly assessed. Austria had already suffered preliminary humiliation by the French, under Louis-Napoleon, but Sadowa confirmed that she would never again be a major player in the worlds game. Yet conscious acceptance of Austrias vanished supremacy was repressed by the brilliance and brio of its social and artistic life. Who can be surprised that Adlers discovery of the inferiority complex, and of compensating assertiveness, was made in a society traumatized by dazzling decline? It was as if the city which spawned Arthur Schinitzler and Sigmund Freud feared to awake from its tuneful dreams to prosaic reality.† Indeed, the times in which Egon Schiele was making his mark on the Viennese establishment was a time where the Viennese art community were at their most conservative, or most susceptible to lapsing into these â€Å"tuneful dreams†. Schieles self-imposed mission, it seemed, was to violently shake these people into a state of consciousness. But that isnt to say that Schiele existed entirely in a vacuum, living entirely by his own rules. Comini stresses that: â€Å"The content of Schieles Expressionism then was a heightened sense of pathos and impending doom, and an acute awareness of the self. Schieles Expressionist form drew from the great European reservoir of Symbolist evocativeness.† So, from a veritable melange of varying influences, Schiele managed to get his form, which combined that of exceptional draughtsman, with an inescapable desire for portraying the artistry of â€Å"ugliness†, something of which Schiele was something of a pioneer. In 1897, Schiele joined the painting class of Christian Griepenkerl; who was a deeply conservative artist devoted to neoclassicism, or the slavish devotion and replication of classic works of art. This involved long hours copying the works of the Old Masters at Viennas Academy of Fine Art. Schiele was enrolled for his superior draughtsmanship, but he was eventually alienated from it because he didnt see the relevance or the importance in neoclassicism. Thus, he became something of a troublemaker to the establishment, and was eventually forced out. This was echoed 100 years hence by the Romantics; an art group who pursued a loose programme intended to reinvest art with emotional impact. The Romantics, however, proved too unpalatable to the Viennese citizenry, who instead preferred the work of Biedermeier artists. Kallir says: â€Å"On the whole, Germans proved more receptive to Romanticism than Austrians who shied away from such intense expressions of feeling and took refuge in the mundane cheer of the Biedermeier.† She goes on to say: â€Å"Biedermeier [†¦] was geared more to the applied than to the fine arts, though in all its myriad incarnations it promoted the personal comforts of the middle class Burger. Biedermeier painting revolved around idealized renditions of everyday life, scenes of domestic bliss, genre pictures portraying ruddy-cheeked peasants, and picturesque views of the native countryside.† Being born into this highly stringent, conservative environment must have shaped Schieles defiance somewhat, as Schiele not only seems to break with what was established in Vienna as profitable art, but he almost seems to occupy exactly the opposite role. Even in works by Klimt, who was deemed controversial at the time, there are still elements of decorative palatability that makes his work visually and aesthetically appealing. Schiele seems to be deliberately working against this formula; which was brave considering that art, at the time, depended on patronage and buyers to actually sustain a profit. Schiele didnt seem concerned in the slightest that his work wouldnt get a buyer. In fact, the market is abandoned almost completely. In Schieles early work, art becomes â€Å"ugly†; his figures are pallid and atrophied; the composition of the pieces are unconventional and thus attack the sensibilities of the audience. Upon his break from Viennas Academy, and much akin to Klimt, whom he admired and painted on a number of occasions, Schiele set up his own group, entitled simply, â€Å"The New Art Group.† This was similar to Klimts route, as he set up the Viennese Secession, of which Schiele would play a part, which came from and used the tried and tested formula of the Genossenschaft betdender Kunster Wiens (Vienna Society of Visual Artists), a project financed by Emperor Franz Josef as a means of promoting art in the city. However, this system was not without its drawbacks. â€Å"Its progressive potential was [†¦] undermined by a policy of majority rule, which generally granted victory to the conservative faction. Within this context, the societys role as dealer was particularly disturbing to the younger, more forward-thinking minority, from whom exclusion from major exhibitions could have adverse financial consequences.† Similarly, the capitalist nature of art, coupled with the conservatism of the market made for a very difficult time for the progressive artist, and perhaps was a reason behind why Schiele opposed the artistic community with such fervency and vitriol, and often resorted to shock tactics and self-publicity to get himself heard. Klimts Secession operated on similar principles to the Vienna society: â€Å"†¦the Secession [†¦] was principally a marketing agent for its members work.† Thus, again it proved difficult for the younger, more radical artists to break through, despite Klimts support. Later, funds from patronage dwindled, so it was necessary for artists to seek out new markets. â€Å"The withdrawal of official patronage pre-empted the Secessionists to seek new ways of generating the sales and commissions necessary to keep them in business.† Ultimately, this meant that socialist, and personal art became more prominent a theme. The monumental, allegorical themes that Klimt and Schiele tended to attack (although Schieles work was deeply personal, it was also very monumental and took a number of influences from Klimt and symbolist art), no longer had a substantial market. Klimts decorative style, coupled with his established name, could still sell work to his established clients. Schiele, however, had no such luck, and it was only in 1918, the last year of his life, that Schiele managed to break even with his work. Although Schiele did not seem overly concerned with the economic potential of his works; in fact, he even seemed to equate poverty and suffering to the role of an artist in general, and Schiele was probably one of the most uncompromising artists of the twentieth century in terms of pandering to a particular audience; it is nevertheless important to consider economics, social and cultural conditions because, Schiele, by setting himself and his role as an artist in direct opposition to the establishment, also put himself in the long-standing tradition of artist in opposition to mainstream society. Kallir points out that: â€Å"The Secession, the Galerie Muethke, and the Wiener Werkstatte [, the latter two being establishments set up in the wake of the gradual reduction of patronage funds and a need to find and establish new markets for art], in the formative first decade of this century were peculiar products of their times that shared common aspirations and limitations. It was important to all concerned that these entities, although ostensibly committed to marketing art, were artist-run.† So, although economics were a concern in art, they were not necessarily, as dictated previously with the majority run Vienna Society of Visual Artists, primarily about making money and transforming the Viennese art scene into a profitable industry. Economics was an incidental concern, only foisted upon the establishment by chronic necessity: â€Å"The artists evinced a tacitly accepted loathing for art-as-business (Schiele could be particularly eloquent on this point) and a determination to place aesthetic considerations above economic ones.† So, as is fairly obvious from the art that he made, Schiele was against the motive of making money from art. But this reveals an interesting contradiction that plagued expressionist and other, later artists seeking to make a living from art at the same time as challenging the social and economic processes that ultimately fund its creation: â€Å"[I]f the primary goal [of these entities] was to serve the artistic community, these organisations could not entirely ignore their secondary purpose: to sell art.† So, Schiele, like many other artists, was cut between a requirement for money (which was especially apparent now that the former staple of patronage monies had all but dried up), and a requirement to express uncompromisingly his artistic expression. Schiele would not settle for the former, and instead pursued the latter with a vigour and an intensity that, at the time, was quite extraordinary. Schiele and Self-Portraiture. Of all the artists in the 20th century, or indeed any century, Egon Schiele was probably one of the most self-conscious. But, in Schiele, the self is a very problematic subject. Schoeder suggests: â€Å"In his self-portraits, Schiele shows himself as wrathful, with a look of spiritual vacancy, or as if racked by a severe spasm of hysteria; or arrogantly looking down his nose, with head tossed back; or apprehensively or naively peering out of the picture. Which Schiele is the real Schiele?† Schiele seems to instinctively divide himself into differing components, but also, he uses art to singularly pursue his own political views of the role of artist, in many ways using self-portraiture to assert, rather than fragment his own personality. The ambiguity with which Schiele regards himself can be looked at in a number of ways. 1. The Artist-as-Martyr It could be argued that Schiele was simply posing, or playing the varying roles of artist to gratify his ego. This is interesting because Schiele was definitely working toward a specific identity as artist. In 1912, Schiele was arrested for three days for publishing obscene works where they could be displayed to children. An item of his work was subsequently burned in the courtroom. In prison, he creates a number of interesting works of art, that are especially interesting because their titles read like manifestoes. Titles such as Hindering the Artist is a Crime, It Is Murdering Life in the Bud! (1912), For Art and for My Loved Ones I Will Gladly Endure to the End! (1912), and Art Cannot Be Modern: Art Is Primordially Eternal (1912). Certainly, judging from these titles, Schiele definitely has a number of ideas regarding the artist, his specific role, and what separates a true artist from a charlatan. Schiele, in his highly polemical, hyperbolic painting titles, equates the artist with suffering and martyrdom, suggesting that he will â€Å"endure†, and immediately glorifying the artist as a giver of life and eternal well being to the masses. Schroeder goes on to say: â€Å"Behind these works lies the idealization of suffering in the Romantic cull of genius, as updated in the last years of the nineteenth century through the writing of Friedrich Nietzsche and through the posthumous response to Arthur Schopenhauer. [†¦] The turn of the century saw the apogee of the Artist-as-Martyr legend, in which the relationship between suffering and greatness draws so close that the pose of suffering may in itself constitute a claim to the higher grades of artistic initiation.† So, the implication here is that Schiele was indeed acting a specific role of artist, that he was assuming a specific â€Å"pose of suffering† that was in many ways an act of fulfilling his societal role as an artist. Certainly these roles of suffering were explicit in his work. In Self-Portrait Standing (1910), Schiele portrays himself as contorted and thin; his face is twisted into an ugly grimace, and the colours used are mottled, pale and rotten. His arms are deformed and his positioning is unnatural and forced. His eyes are hollow and there is no context to the portrait; the background is a simple cream colouring. To exaggerate his alienation yet further, Schiele highlights his body with a shock of white. This has the effect of drawing the subject even further out of his environmental world, and, along with the forced hand gestures, serves to make us see the subject as an exhibit, rather than as part of a natural world. As Schroeder points out: â€Å"On the white expanse of paper, they do not exist: they are exhibited.† In his principal work, Hermits (1912), he paints himself with Gustav Klimt, whose own break with neoclassicism and ornate style of expressionism was a major influence on Schieles early work. Klimt is seen as asleep, or else resting on the shoulders of Schiele, who stands in front of him in a large black cloak. Mitsch suggests that in Hermits, â€Å"[s]eldom has the human body been visualised so exclusively as a materialization of spiritual forces [†¦].† But the painting is called Hermits, which suggests something about the role of artist that Schiele observed, although the painting certainly displays elements of the spiritual; as Steiner suggests, â€Å"he presents the master and himself in a picture where two male figures in monklike garb and with aureoles about their heads are seen on a monumental plinth.† In Hermits, Schiele and Klimt both look glum; Schiele stares defiantly back through the painting. The vast black cloak serves to homogenize the body of Klimt and Schiele, and thus portrays the role of the artist in general as one of blackness, of a biblical darkness. But, the title is more secular: Steiner goes on to say that: â€Å"We see Hermits (as the painting is called) and not saints, and the tone is no longer mystical and remote but one of delicate equilibrium between the two men – the elder, Klimt, deathlike, and the younger, Schiele, looking grim, doubtless because the artist leads a solitary life, condemned by society to suffer.† So, Schiele, in a very modernist way, is simultaneously divorcing himself from the establishment of the religious school of Neoclassicism, but is also contemporising it. In similar ways that Freud brought scientific rigour, and secular practice into studies of the human psyche, Schiele was in turn taking religion out of mystical, allegorical artwork, and instead putting himself into it. This artistic position, as forerunner to Klimt, in a sense, emerging from the body of Klimt, but staring out defiantly and uniquely, epitomizes Schieles position. Steiner suggests that: â€Å"At the time that he painted Hermits, Schiele was already seeing himself as a kind of priest of art, more the visionary than the academician, seeing and revealing things that remain concealed from normal people.† 2. The Artist-As-Protean The ambiguity with which Schiele forges his own identity can also be seen in a different way. The variance between different forms of self-portrait merely represent different sides of the Schiele character. This would certainly fit into the Freudian notion of self – as a stigmatized, fragmentary and anarchic collection of different preconceived notions. For instance; Freuds basic notions of Id, Ego and Super-Ego serve to fragment the self – psychoanalysis in general serves to this effect, and, in a number of Schiele self-portraits, he uses the quite unusual system of the double portrait to encapsulate this fragmentation. Fischer makes the point that â€Å"[t]he familiar repertoire of Freudian psychology with its ego and super-ego, conscious and unconscious realms, might equally be applied to these dual self-portraits.† A great deal of photography of Egon Schiele (of which a great deal exists) utilizes the effect of double exposure, thus, a doubling of the self. In one untitled photograph of Egon Schiele , he is seen firstly staring into the distance, while another image of himself looks back, observing himself intently. Steiner says that: â€Å"Schiele countered the sensory fragmentation of the self by means of a multiple self which came little by little to form a visual concept which reconstituted his unity with the world in a visionary way.† Indeed, during the time when expressionism was most active, a serious redefinition was underway, on the secular, theoretical grounds of Nietzsche and Freud, and also due to the cataclysmic human and social catastrophe of the Great War. In Hermann Bahrs 1916 book, simply entitled Expressionism, he says: â€Å"Never was there a time so shaken with so much terror, such a fear of death. Never was the world so deathly silent. Never was man so small. Never had he been so alarmed. Never was joy so far away and liberty so dead.† But he rallies against this bleakness, which is encapsulated in other modernist and expressionist works; works such as Eliots Wasteland and the paintings of Munsch and the German school of expressionism: â€Å"Now necessity cries out. Man cries after his soul, and the whole age becomes a single cry of need. Art, too, cries with it, into the depths of darkness; it cries for help; it cries after the spiritual: that is expressionism.† So, by ploughing the ambiguities of the self, this reading would assume that Schiele was, in many respects, crying â€Å"after his soul†, so to speak; searching among the myriad of different identities available to him, a concrete or at least a compatible sense of self that had eluded him, along with an entire generation of artists dispossessed by the Viennese establishment. The various parts of Schieles meticulous, and almost surgical self-analysis falls into a number of distinct camps, but also seems to, in a more generalised sense, work against the pattern of self-portrait or nudity established by other artists. Up until that time, generally speaking, the nude was seen in a grandiose sense: the painted nude women, such as those in Degas, were painted as Goddesses, resplendently beautiful, radiant, often placed in scenarios that depicted frolicking jollity or natural equilibrium; and the men, who were much rarer in contemporary art, were generally seen as heroic, muscular and noble. Schiele breaks entirely with this long-established tradition. Firstly, the school of nude self-portraiture at the time only comprised of a single person; Richard Gerstl, whose painting Self-Portrait, Naked stood on its own at the time as the only painting to be done of the nude artist. Schroeder points out: â€Å"Just how uncommon is was to depict oneself naked is revealed by the fact that before 1910 only one precedent existed in the whole of Austrian art.† Thus, Schiele was already putting himself in the position of pioneer of a particularly exhibitionist genre. But, in unsheathing the artist of the attire that would previously assign to him his identity, Schiele places a whole new dynamic in the art: the dynamic of the self itself. One of Schieles most important works Seated Male Nude (1910), Schiele portrays himself covering up his own face. Indeed, in most of his self-portraits, especially his early ones, his posture is contorted and manufactured; he is posing and the background again is simply a plain, unembellished white. In Seated Male Nude, Schiele is grossly emaciated, his feet have been cut off, and his nipples and eyes glow red, suggesting that there is a deep demonism within him. He is seen as grotesquely, disturbingly ectomorphic; â€Å"the figure looks as though it has been taken down from a gothic crucifix: it is angular, and looks carved: Schiele was seeing himself as Christ without a loin-cloth. The red highlights of his eyes, nipples, navel and genitals make the body look as if it were glowing from within.† But, also, the red â€Å"glowing from within† also exposes another central tenet of Schieles work – namely, that it gives the appearance that he is hollow inside. Schiele preserved his more allegorical, symbolic works for the medium of oil; paintings such as Hermits discussed earlier, and thus, this hollowness cannot be overlooked as having greater metaphorical meaning, and would suggest the reasons behind why Schieles self-portraiture varied to such a large degree; namely, that the inner self which Schiele was desperate to uncover, was absent, or simply defined as a mad, glowing redness. â€Å"[S]pastic and hunch-backed, or with a rachitic deformation of the ribcage: this was the artist as an image of abject misery – a cripple [†¦] the dirty colouring, with its shrill accents, makes the flesh tones ugly and aberrant. In Seated Male Nude, a self-portrait, the artist mutates into an insect. The absence of feet [†¦] [is] an amputation. This is a mangled soul in a mangled body. We see through the body into the soul.† Indeed, the mangled soul is non-existent, the inside is hollow and empty. So, insomuch as this is similarly affected by social and cultural developments at the time, Schiele is moreover offering a more detailed and theoretically astute reading of the self and warring and dissolute factions. Schroeder says that: â€Å"If all of these self-dramatizations reveal the true nucleus of the painters psyche, then he must have been a fragmented personality, unlikely to escape the diagnostic attentions of the genius Sigmund Freud. The question is just how much of his psyche is conveyed by his self-portraits, either those with grimaces or those that express a frozen resignation? What and whom does Egon Schiele really see in his studio mirror? [†¦] It makes all the difference in the world whether he is observing his own body as an act of direct, emotional self-knowledge or whether in his imagination he is slipping into someone elses role and experiencing his own self as that of another person.† So, that Schiele depicts himself as a variety of different people doesnt necessarily mean that he is living up to a certain artistic function; in a sense, glamorizing the role of the artist as a suffering person. Art As Pornography Schiele has been regarded by many critics as a pornographer. Looking at his paintings, which often draw attention to the genitals, to eroticized regions of the human body, as well as the contorted and mechanistic quality to the nude portraits, which appear twisted and exploited. Schiele was eventually put in prison for his indecency, although this was due to his eccentric practice of showing his work to the friends of the children who were painted, often nude. Schroder suggests that â€Å"[i]n Schieles early pictures of children the objective embarrassment of the models lowly social origins is reinforced by the embarrassment of their obscene nakedness.† This would suggest that the portraits themselves are designed to be as exploitative and as pornographic as possible. The children portrayed are certainly seen in an especially lurid light; and their embarrassment is portrayed by their forced poses, the absence of environment, etc. However, it is often difficult, at the time and later, to extrapolate eroticism from pornography, and in Schiele, this is particularly difficult. Schiele himself denied accusations of pornography, and certainly, the nudes have greater substance and meaning in terms of formulating an Expressionist identity of the self. Mitsch suggests that Schiele â€Å"expresses [in his eroticism] human bondage and is to be understood as a burden that is painful to bear. Aimed, from the beginning, at outspokenness and truthfulness, it assumes almost inevitably a daring form.† So, here difficulty with regarding Schieles output is highlighted. The work is about expressing human bondage, but it is also exaggerated and mutilated and â€Å"outspoken†. So Schiele acts as both pornographer and eroticist, and also strikes out more clearly at exposing the truth behind the body. Schiele himself commented on accusations that his work is pornographic made by his Uncle, by replying in a letter, saying that â€Å"the erotic work of art is scared too.† The painting Reclining Girl In A Blue Dress (1910), establishes this difficulty. In it, a girl is portrayed, leaning back and revealing her genitals. Her genitals are high-lighted in white, and draw the eye to the girls genitals using both composition and colour. The brush-strokes are strikingly crude, almost sketchy. Fischer says that â€Å"[i]t is impossible to defend this picture against the charge of pornography. Even so, Schieles radicalism of form places him beyond too simplistic a categorisation.† He goes on to say: â€Å"He was not merely out to satisfy a shallow voyeuristic impulse. Pubescent lust and delight in discovery, the naà ¯ve symbolism of distinguishing sexual features, and boyish stratagems for looking up girls skirts are combined in the twenty-year-old artists way of viewing the world with the invention of ingenious new forms, which took the Schiele of 1910 a step forward, out of the world of teachers and uncles and into the radical world view of the Expressionist avant-garde. In the years ahead, Schiele pursued this distinctive combination obsessively.† So, according to Fischer, even though his work was pornographic, the forms in which this pornography took and the means by which Schiele painted these pornographic images, allowed us to question the nature of the images and thus elevate them to something beyond pornography. Schiele was certainly obsessed with portraying the self: his images, despite being, at times, shamelessly provocative and deliberately controversial to the conservative Viennese public (the pre-conceived role of an artist to challenge the perception of the ordinary people would stress this, and was a certain depiction of the artist that Schiele would live by), would also put stress on the techniques and the principles applied to the painting in order to elevate it beyond mere titillation or voyeurism. In his nudes, Schiele was definitely looking to get closer to his, and societies view of the human condition in the confusing wake of secularism, the transmogrification of belief toward the self (in Freud and Nietzsche, for instance), and the selfs role in society. Naturally his view is not a particularly optimistic one, and he is frequently out to establish the pain in the heart of the self – his cut-off, mutilated and distorted figures serve to expose the more desultory aspects of the self, and thus his images appear less as pornographic, and more as pieces that actually challenge and oppose the traditionally porno

Globalisation Has Benefited Everyone Brought Advantages Economics Essay

Globalisation Has Benefited Everyone Brought Advantages Economics Essay Proponents of globalisation are of the view that it has benefited everyone and helped to pull millions upon millions out of poverty. However a close analysis of the affects of globalisation tell a very different story. While it is true that globalisation has benefited many, it has had an equally devastating effect on the lives of many others and made true development more of a mirage rather than a reality (Dunning, 2003). This essay will critically analyse and discuss the benefits and disadvantages of globalisation and will conclude by either agreeing or disagreeing with the above statement. Even though globalisation is the buzzword today, it has been in existence in some form or another for over a century. After World War II many regions of the world that were reeling from the devastating effects of the war, came together to create trade agreements that would help each of those regions to grow in the post war era. The European Union is one such trade agreement as is the NAFTA agreement, GATT, APEC, ASEAN and many others. Due to the advances made in technology, especially in the telecommunication industry, globalisation saw a rapid increase in the latter part of the 20th century (Guillen, 2001). The ultimate goal of globalisation was to liberalise formerly closed economies, integrate national economies and create one huge global economy that would not only decrease trade barriers and increase trade and corporation but would also help poorer and developing nations to become industrialised thus uplifting the living standards of billions (Grewal, 2006). While the goals and objectives of globalisation are noble, such goals and objectives are not very easy to achieve. Even though the above may look good in theory, in reality it is easier said than done and usually causes more damage to economies, the social fabric of nations and the environment as a whole (Suà ¡rez-Orozco Qin-Hilliard, 2004). With the onset of globalisation in its current form, which began in the late 1980s and has been gathering steam, many manufacturing organisations in the west have seen their profitability increase. The reason for this positive effect on the bottom line has been chiefly due to the fact that globalisation allowed these companies to relocate their manufacturing plants to developing countries, where labour is cheap. In doing so they were able to reduce the cost of the products and become more profitable. While such a relocation, may have benefited the developing economy where the plant was relocated to, it left huge numbers of individuals unemployed in its home country (Helbling, Batini Cardarelli, 2005). Thus it can be stated that while one economy gained jobs and was able to uplift the living standard of many, another economy lost jobs, which had an equally devastating effect, while the company in question continued to earn profits and prosper. During the 1990s and to date, India is one such country that has benefited immensely from globalisation. Throughout the past decade or more many European and North American, technology companies have outsourced their software development to India, which rose up to the challenge and has become a global IT giant. While such a growth in employment has benefited the country and helped to create a new middle class, globalisation has not been as favourable to its closest neighbour Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka with a literacy rate of 90% has seen much foreign direct investment in the garment sector. While this has helped the country to keep unemployment levels down, the semi-skilled or low skilled nature of the jobs that are available to its citizens does not help the country to grow and prosper to the level that globalisation has aided India (Schmidt Hersh, 2000). On the contrary, Sri Lanka has seen a severe increase in underemployment of its university educate youth, who due to the lack of white collar jobs, have had to resort to working in the garment industry (Kiggundu, 2002). As is apparent from the above, while globalisation benefits one segment of the population, its affects are not equal, on the contrary they are mixed, thereby it can be stated that the above statement is not accurate in its view of globalisation. Proponents of globalisation often cite the fact that increased demand for export from developing countries, create an inflow of foreign exchange revenue and increases employment opportunities, which in turn helps the country to develop (Bhagwati, 2004). While this is true to some extent, there is an equally disadvantageous side to this phenomenon. In order for employment opportunities to increase in an economy, it requires output growth to exceed productivity growth. At the same time for profitability to increase, it needs productivity growth to outpace output growth. This conflict in the two, results in companies opting to increase productivity at the expense of output growth. Thus even though the developing economies have bent backwards to attract foreign direct investment by providing tax cuts, capital and natural resources etc, in the hopes of boosting domestic employment and earning foreign exchange revenues. The companies that enter the country usually plunder the capital and n atural resources made available to them (Samli, 2002). And instead of making use of the labour that is available to them, they automate their production processes to a great extent. Further they return much of the profits earned to the parent company and its shareholders who are often resident in developed economies (Smith Debrah, 2002). Here again it is apparent that while globalisation has helped businesses to develop and become more profitable, the benefits of globalisation are often enjoyed by the developed economies, rather than the developing economy that were supposed to benefit, in the first place. As a part of the initiative to liberalise an economy, most developing economies were forced to reduce welfare spending in terms of healthcare, education and social assistance. Further in order to attract foreign direct investment into the country, most of these economies were required to relax their stringent labour laws, which have resulted in the exploitation of workers (Murshed, 2002). While it is true that many multi-national companies are now operating in developing economies and have helped to increase employment levels within the country. The lack of strong labour laws, allow these companies to pay meagre wages to their employees and not a living wage as is the ethical thing to do. This combined with the lack of universal health care and education has a devastating affect on the workers (Brysk, 2002). While they may have a job and are able to earn a living, their wages are usually insufficient for paying for more than food and rent. Thus making it impossible for this segment t o educate their children adequately (Mittelman, 2002). Thereby causing a vicious cycle, where the children end up in low skilled or semi skilled jobs much like their parents and unable to breakout of poverty (Midgley, 2007). The lack of education and healthcare also has a catastrophic affect in the long term for the economy, as it will never be able to make the leap from being a developing economy to a developed economy as long as its citizens lack a strong education (Micklethwait Wooldridge, 2001). Further this lack of education not only will increase the wealth disparities within the economy, but it will also continue to increase the disparity between developed and developing nations in the long run. Based on the discussion above it is apparent that globalisation has been very advantageous to businesses. While it is a fact that some countries like India and China have benefited immensely from globalisation and seen the prosperity of their citizens increase to unprecedented levels, other countries have not been so lucky. On the contrary, globalisation has succeeded in further increasing the social challenges faced by these countries and pushed the dream of becoming a developed economy further out of their reach (Micklethwait Wooldridge, 2001). Therefore it can be stated that the statement Globalisation has benefited everyone. It helped all the people to increase their living standards, brought advantages to organisations and businesses and enabled economies to develop is only partially true.

Roman City Planning Essay -- Rome History Roman Historical Essays

Roman City Planning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The design and structure of a city is as important as the people who dwell within her walls. The placement of streets and the structures built there are carefully plotted for optimal use. Foot and cart traffic, fire hazard, and access to water were all key factors in city planning. Eventually the Romans had fine tuned their design principals in such an advantageous way that they molded all of their city states similarly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rome developed from the combination of small farming communities around a hilltop fortification. The city, which was founded before regularized city planning, consisted of a confusing maze of crooked and gnarled streets. The focal point of which was the city’s forum, the main meeting place and site of the many religious and civic buildings such as the Senate house, records office, and basilica. (Rich, 20) Augustan Rome, with a population estimated at between 700,000 and one million, was the only megalopolis in the West. Rome’s street plan, which at its greatest extent had 85 km of road, was an irregular maze. Most streets were footpaths or could accommodate only one cart at a time. The central city had only two viea (streets on which two carts could pass each other), on opposing sides of the main forum. (Nicholas, 6) A law passed under Julius Caesar, which was still in force well after his death, stated that carriages were forbidden to use these streets by day, since it was found that there was not room in them both for wheeled vehicles and pedestrians. Public streets would be decorated with marble and stone, some houses, as they decayed, have revealed alleyways and passages that existed before reconstruction. (Bowra, 34) Main streets were often designed carefully to accentuate the housing and monuments that would appear on any given street. Side streets would often be no more than passages, with flights of steps, and sometimes scarcely broad enough for two people to pass in comfort. Many streets were colonnaded; a Roman technique intended to bring shape to shadow and direct light through the streets. Earlier centuries used the stoa, or free-standing portico, to give effects of light and shade to their constructions. It is suggested that the colonnaded street developed out of the stoa; and partly also, perhaps, out of the thrifty use of available space, with the upper stories of houses jutting forw... ...ordinated plan of the city. The main streets led directly from the center of town to the gates, and the pomerial road ran around the city immediately inside the walls. (owens, 150) Rome was a living organism constantly changing and evolving as all cities do. However, the design and structure of Rome was born out of knotted roots. The placement of streets and the structures grew from dirt roads to paved passage ways meant to convey movement and beauty. Key factors in city planning revolved around the citizens and their needs. The Roman design principals forged a template by which all of their city states were similarly molded. Works Cited Bowra, Maurice Et. Al. Golden Ages of the Great Cities. London, England: Thames and Hudson, 1951. Morris, AE. History of Urban Form. London, England: George Godwin LTD, 1972 Nicholas, David. The Growth of Medieval City: From late Antiquity to Early Fourteenth Century. New York, NY: Longman Publishing, 1997. Owens, E. J. The City in the Greek and Roman World. London, England: Routledge Publishing, 1991. Rich, John & Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. City and the Country in the Ancient World. London, England: Routledge Publishing, 1991.

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Essay -- The Devil And

The Devil And Tom Walker, by Washington Irving Washington Irving the author of The Devil and Tom Walker uses the setting of the story to convey that things with a good appearance can be deceiving and be putrid on the inside. He also creates the right atmosphere for the story, and gives precise details to the audience so they can predict the topic and how it will develop. In addition, he describes each character in a manner that the readers can infer who they are, their personal characteristics, and the decisions that they might make throughout the development of the story. Moreover, he provides a background for each character in order to understand their actions and their ending. This tall tale occurs near Boston, Massachusetts that as recorded in history was the place that held the witch hangings in 1692. Moreover he wrote â€Å"†¦there is a deep inlet, winding several miles into the interior of the country from Charles Bay, and terminating in a thickly wooded swamp or morass.† The mentioned description and information gives an overview that the tale may contain supernatural situations and smuggling – or related situations- because it provides the perfect sinister and gloomy environment. As equally important when Irving describes the swamp, where most of the story take place, he gives details such as â€Å"On one side of this inlet is a beautiful dark grove; on the opposite side the land rises abruptly from the waters’ edge into a high ridge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He also says â€Å"It was full of pits...

For The Love of Junk Food

Everybody have an uncontrollable weakness to a certain type of junk food. That desirable craving you have to satisfy right then and there. Being able to binge once you see a platter or buffet table with all the junk food in the world, we just don’t like the idea of eating increments at a time. We as a society like the idea of a quick cheap fix whenever hunger comes over us. Instead of either taking leftovers from last night’s dinner, or getting up extra early before work or school to fix a proper breakfast, or pack a proper lunch, we rather go to the local corner store to pick up two Twix bars and a sprite to hold us over. We love taking the easy way out of things. In the article, Is Junk Food Really Cheaper? , the author Mark Bittman targets the difficult topic of how people make excuses that eating healthier is way more expensive than just taking a family of four plus people to a local fast food restaurant. Bittman made his target audience families that are somewhat busy with extra-curricular things. For Bittman to help his targeted audience he went out to local stores and did price comparisons and he also did survey’s on why parents would rather choose a twenty piece nugget from Mc Donald’s over a hot healthy home-cooked meal. Bittman, the Brooklyn, New York native, is a NY Times Opinion columnist. ( Bittman’s Minimalist column was in the dining section of NY Times for over thirteen plus years. He holds the title of being the lead columnist for the Times Dining section and also the lead food writer for The Times Magazine. Bittman graduated from Clark University with a bachelor degree in psychology. Bittman is the author of fifteen cookbooks. He is married with two adult daughters. Not only is Bittman a writer but he is also a chef. Since Bittman has had experience with feeding a family of four in the past he can understand why some families would rather eat out than fix a meal, but he still feels that there should not be an excuse to cook dinner at least once or twice a week. Bittman explains how our society not only make prices an excuse for eating unhealthy but he also explains how we as people say that cooking is too time consuming after a long day of work. In this article, Bittman seem to approach the issue with anger because of the many excuses given for not making a proper meal for the family. He threw in facts and opinions of everyday people that deal with these kinds of decisions. Being a chef and a father of two, Bittman understands the importance of cooking a healthy meal and sitting it on the table. Bittman stated that â€Å"the core problem is that cooking is defined as work, and fast food is both a pleasure and a crutch. (Bittman)† That sentence alone explains why most parents do not come home and cook for the family. They feel as if it’s another job. Bittman argued in the article that though it may seem as if buying processed and junk food is cheaper, it’s really not! He gave an example of having a family of four and going to Mc Donald’s buying each person a meal. The total of the meal came out to be approximately thirty dollars. If the parents were to go to the local grocery store and buy a roast and broccoli, the total will only end up being fourteen dollars. Bittman also brings attention to how over the years the inflation price of fresh produce has gone up while for fast-food restaurants it has decreased. This brings more attention towards spending money on unhealthy food. Bittman stated in the article â€Å"that overconsumption of fast food â€Å"triggers addiction-like neuroaddictive responses† in the brain, making it harder to trigger the release of dopamine. In other words the more fast food we eat, the more we need to give us pleasure; thus the report suggests that the same mechanisms underlie drug addiction and obesity. (Bittman)† Bittman grasp the audience attention by letting them know that eventually their bad habits of taking the easy way out will catch up to them and harm them. Putting themselves in grave danger of potentially, let’s say, having a stroke or even dead maybe. It’s noticeable in the article that Bittman is fed up with the excuses. Bittman’s article is very relatable because he is basing it on average households around the world. Bittman wrote this article to target families that take the easy way out. Though this article is intended for families, single people, and couples should also take heed to the information given. Eating healthier is how you keep yourself looking and feeling young. Bittman’s purpose of this article is to inform everyone that eating take out every night is unhealthy and that there should be no excuse as to why a person cannot come home and cook a decent meal. Bittman encourage families across the nation to challenge themselves into cooking more than usual. Bittman wan this readers to understand that cooking once a week is better than not cooking at all, he also want them to see that cooking can be enjoyable. He doesn’t want his reader’s to think that cooking is a hassle and a burden to get accomplished. Mark Bittman’s article, Is Junk Food Really Cheaper, made such a bold entrance and informative ending that it came and conquered the message. Bittman put enough facts into this article that it should definitely make a person think twice about feeding their family take-out food two nights in a row. The details of the articles flowed with bold points along with opinions from Bittman and others. It was like Bittman came to the podium and laid it all on the table. Bittman gave several examples on how eating out is more expensive than cooking a meal throughout this article. Since Bittman is a family man he knew what components to insert in this article to grasp the attention of his targeted audience. This article was straight forward and to the point. Though Bittman went in about the topic from the very beginning he never lost his focus on what he was coming to execute. If Bittman’s article, Is Junk Food Really Cheap, can grasp hold of my attention as a college student he can very well grasp the attention of a parent that wants to keep their family live and healthy.

Malungay Powder Essay

Malunggay Powder, A resultant for Nutritional Diffeciencies I. Background of the field of battle health awareness is the prime investment, ingenuity is the investors joining effort, and wellness is the net pull in. around good deal think that adapting a rubicund and well conditi oned life is dearly-won and difficult to achieve. The significance is just how one resourcefully utilizes the cheap, the natural abundance of nature, and the diligent quest to alternatives and remedies. Malunggay is a kind of vegetables that is better with vitamins, minerals and amino acids that are needed for optimum health.The importance of this vegetable particularly its leaves assist as a food supplement, Malunggay touted as All- around miracle tree or dispositions medicine cabinet contains a large variety of nutrients in high gear amounts. This powderized form vegetable add living to our deficient diet due to novel food expression, lack of family food budget, and diligent lifestyles tha t make it hard to prepare a healthy and balanced diet food. It acts as an inexpensive insurance against nutritionary deficiencies. II. substance of the StudyThis submit will get ahead awareness on the relevance of serving vegetable meals, soup, bread, dessert, shakes, juices and mixes with Malunggay powder. It encourages households to plant Malunggay in their backyards for own(prenominal) consumption. Furthermore, it supports the Department of Agriculture on their syllabus of propagating vegetable garden e. g. Malunggay and other(a) nutritional vegetables as a revenue-generating industry? low its biotechnology program where it currently enjoys all-embracing array of Malunggay and other vegetable found products manufactured in the Philippines and being sell in local and international markets.Finally, it inspires people to study and interrogation all the benefits of vegetables and other agricultural products. II. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study focused on the specifications of how to procure the study quality ingredients, the Malunggay leaves and conscientiously observe the fit preparation and storage of the produce product. It took a month to got the final result of the research work using the method of experimentation. As Malunggay leaves is readily cultivated in the backyard and slowly harvested. The study undergo three (3) reiterate experimentations to come up with the reliable and genuine results.Firstly, the outcome of the Malunggay leaves harvested at noontime when the sun is intense. Secondly, the simple ingredient, malunggay leaves will be hang extraneous with moderate exposure to sunlight. And lastly, the recommended procedure wherein the malunggay leaves is harvested in early morning was followed closely to move over the desired result. III. Methodology In acquiring the study of Malunggay powder, constant research was done. Facts were gain from books and computer resources. The abundance of the said vegetables which c lose to of the time left out wilted encouraged our curious mind, thus this investigatory and research was done.The accessibility and availability of this Malunggay vegetable inspired us, the Biology Group 1 of II- Zatti where an actual and continuous propagation was do to ensure freshness of harvest during the several(prenominal) process of experimentation. The materials used in this study were (1. ) 3 Bundle of Malunggay leaves (approximately 1 kilo) (2. ) uniform pin (3. ) mortar and pestle or blender (grinder) (4. ) Brown paper bagful or empty box with wide opening (5. ) sealed container or ziplock The preparation or procedures of Malunggay powder were as follows

Police Administration Essay

The procedure of natural truth in the base hit of the community has long been squander a go at itd. It is and so of broad importance that the subr turn outines behind(predicate) the constabulary goerning body be s soundly understood in order to localise points that argon considered to be exemplary, as hearty as atomic number 18as which atomic number 18 in look at of further evaluation and reorganization. This research publisher result discuss aras of justice organization that atomic number 18 associate to the enlisting and hiring process. A brief review of different related argonas of patrol administration leave aloneing in any(prenominal) vitrine be presented in order to extend a holistic everywhereview of the topic. guard spirt AND RELATED PROBLEMSThe argona of jurisprudence run is an occupation that is potently associated with bollix up and twist acts. The act of do natural law great power recreate is highly discretionary beca c solely it entails a cabal of two standard law of nature principles and in the flesh(predicate) ideologies that influence a law of nature practice of lawmans determine and examplee. law figure out as well as involves compulsory use that regularly occurs in the close to private situations which be often non in the presence of their immediate supervisors b arely in the vicinity of witnesses who, unfortunately, often flex the details of the criminal as til nowt when interviewed or asked to testify. guard work is alike strongly associated with defileion through the extreme deprave of sanctioned philosophy self-assurance for the wrong come approximatelyss of order individuals (Klockars, 2000).Corruption is a form of misconduct that has long been a concern of either hostel. Several hears has been made to control the finishing and use of de baseion in law work yet in that respect are several(prenominal) ingredients that decrease the likelihood of proceeding in controlling this social problem. unriv al unitedly(prenominal)ed of the factor ins that hinder the control of rot is that constabulary ships ships officeholders refuse to train activities that are deemed corrupt to their fellow officers. Also last as The Code or The Code of Silence, this reclusive has been with the legal philosophy force for decenniums.An otherwise factor that pr steadyts the control of corruption in constabulary work is that legal philosophy administrators are indecisive in acknowledging that corrupt blushts do pull round in their respective jurisprudence agencies. The whim that corrupt activities uncontaminatingthorn benefit the jurisprudence officers in call of extra financial income besides influences legal philosophy officers to continue performing or acknowledging corrupt acts. A nonher factor that pr withalts the success in controlling corrupt activities within the constabulary force involves the s motorcar city of vic tims of these shameful acts who are willinging to report the corrupt incidental to federal investigators.For human macrocosmy meter, corruption has been viewed by constabulary administrators as a shrink of the insufficiency of moral standards among constabulary officers. To date, the functionarys of police administration has actively fought the problem of corruption in the police force by meticulously and guardedly screening the revolutionary appli set upts for places in the police force in order to change magnitude the probability that smartly hired police officers will non succumb to the unending problem of corruption in their sports stadium of work. In addition, police administrators involve as well aggressively followed and hunted down any members of the police force that are known to compensate with corrupt activities during their contrast of avocation with the police force. formerly these morally tumble-down police officers are tracked, they are fired from their positions so that any additional cases of corruption will originally be prevented.The removal of these corrupt police officers likewise picture that the negative influences of these police officers will not spread to the rest of the members of the police force. The plan of removal of a corrupt police officer from the police force is confus adapted to the bad apple possibleness in agriculture and this approach has been strongly criticized in the past years. In order to burst understand the problems associated with police work, it is inbred that the correction of police work sanctioned be presented.THE ROLE OF A jurisprudence officeholder A police officer pertains to a working employee of the police force who has been clever in superfluous responsibilities much(prenominal) as counterterrorism and surveillance. A police officer is excessively equipped with the capabilities for child protection as well as protection of diplomatical individuals. law of natur e officers are experienced in investigate crimes such(prenominal) as murder, burglary, vitiate and drug trafficking.It should be understood that the duties of a police officer encompass a wide range of functions. These officers are judge to be capable of responding to any theatrical subroutine of situation that whitethorn occur during their eon of duty. police officers are considered as governmental science officials during investigatory events of crimes. In special(prenominal) cities and communities, it is the debt instrument of a police officer to arrest tranquillity and conduct in the playing area, even if they are not on duty. smart set perceives a police officer as a person who is responsible for transfuse peace and order in his feature area of duty. Peace and order can be attained through the enforcement of rules or prohibitions in terms of social interactions. Police officers are as well as responsible in discouraging attempts to commit crimes, aside from inv estigating a crime that has al launch occurred in a crabby area. In addition, police officers re coiffure the legal role and authority to arrest any suspected individuals that whitethorn corroborate played a role in a crime. They in any case reach the authority to interrogate and detain the suspect, as well as report the incident and the associated suspects to the proper authorities. Police officers may similarly help in instilling the safety of the exoteric during large gatherings. Such role may be like to an compulsion service wherein they could be called on to expedite in exoteric operations such as town or city programs and parades. These individuals also serve as a source of immediate response during generation of emergency and disasters because they serve as the first person at the scene of an incident.Once a police officer arrives at the particular site and makes a tender survey of the area, he past(prenominal) speedily informs the fire and emergency medical u nits of the city to respond to the situation. Depending on the state or country, police officers and firemen have the same line of call, wherein these two groups of brass employees may respond to the scene of a disaster at the same season. Minor offenses are also reported by police officers in the form of citations which by and large results in the implementation of fine. One good example of a minor offense includes the violation in the laws of operate and traffic such as illegal parking or all over-speeding. otherwise traffic violations may include accosting a driver who has consumed more than the deductible amounts of alcoholic beverage drinks. The detention of drivers that manipulate a fomite under the influence of alcohol prevents car slashs as well as deaths. Police officers are also trained in careing individuals that are caught in the middle of an accident or even a simplex car breakdown. It is interesting to know that police officers are trained in techniques in first aid as well as cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cardiac resuscitation). Park rangers are also considered as police officers who man the national parks and other string out recreational locations. These individuals also enforce ad hoc laws in order to instill peace and order in these specific areas. Police officers are also visible in areas where rallies and political activities are frequently held. These law enforcers are responsible in inhibit overly active protests that hinders the rest of the public from performing their daily functions such as going to work.Police officers make sure that rallies and other kinds of protests are held within the allowable p humanities of the public area such as sidewalks and the rest of the quite a little and vehicles are not hindered from moving through their plebeian activities. on that point are whatsoever cases wherein protesters may be extremely upset regarding a particular political or respectable issue and these individual may swallow screaming and acting in more violent behavior. Should this be the case, the police officers are authorized to control such actions to an pleasurable level of protest.QUALIFICATION OF A POLICE OFFICER The credentials of a police officer often vary in distributively country, mainly depending on the expectations and roles of the police officer in that part of the world. However, it is a general gestatement that a expectation for a position of police officer moldiness show proof that he has completed about kind of schematic education. Several decades earlier, police officers were not undeniable to finish a college degree yet currently this has changed.Mostly due also to the changing times and the evolution of the club in terms of values and morals, aspects for positions of police officers are now mandatory to carry a tertiary degree. In addition, the candidate for police officer is required to endure two to three years of provision as a police police constable prior t o promotion to a position of high social rank such as inspector or sergeant. It is a plebeian path that a police officer originates from a military or hostage position. In addition to carrying a college degree, a candidate for police officer is also required to undergo a corporeal fitness examination. In the unify States, in that location are currently laws that vary by state that describe the requirements for candidates for the position of police officer. The requirements include specific information regarding the applicants age and educational level, as well as the criminal records and information. A police agency is generally similar to that of a semi-military organization that requires particular preparedness and experience beforehand applicants are admitted to the police force. in that location are also specific qualifications before a particular police officer can be promoted to a high position in the police force. It should be noted that promotion to a higher ran k in the police force is not an automatic operation that occurs once a police officer has served for three years.Promotion to a higher rank entails fetching additional examinations that serve as tools that will help valuate the police officer if he is ready and able enough to hold a higher ranking position. An interview is also conducted by the review board that serves as a personal questioning seance for the candidate police officer for promotion. The pie-eyed requirements for promotion of a police officer to a higher rank are commensurate to the responsibilities that this police officer will hold once he is awarded the higher police rank.It is tangiblely normal for a police officer to remain in the same position ranking for virtually time and it is usually the highly competent officers that are often deserve a higher rank in the police force. There are some instances when a specific police officer be at the same position rank for a decade or more because it has been ascer tained through their performance that the particular police officer is not competent to serve from a higher position. Police officers who have served in the police force for a particular duration may also apply for the position of police specialist. The specialist positions include the detective, firearms officer or motorcycle officer.TRAINING AT THE POLICE ACADEMY A police academy is a provision facility that is generally managed by the police department in order to serve as a venue for the education and development of the freshly recruits. These individual recruits were previously hired by the police department yet they are first required to undergo prepare at the police academy before they are allowed to work with the police force. The trainees at the police academy are taught essential skills that are evaluate of a police officer. The training involves both classroom and actual action training that runs for several months. large-time training requires that the candidates a re present for the blameless day at the police academy, with alimentation for allow them stay in for several months. In private police academies, training is conducted during the evenings so that the trainees are able to work during the day time to relieve oneself their wage to support themselves. In police academies that are run by the police department, stipends are given to the trainees because they are already considered as employees of the police force. Training at the police academy includes the principles of arrest and booking of individuals. The use of firearms is also taught at the academy.Special driving skills are also taught at the police academy because this is essential is chasing suspects and criminals. The trainees are also educated in terms of CPR and first aid skills because these capabilities are expected of a competent police officer. Trainees are also taught skills in writing police reports as well as honorable measures in interacting with individuals that they would likely deal with on a daily basis as a police officer. Theories of investigation and ill-doing will also be under call backn during the training of police officers. Methods in interacting with the community will also be taught at the police academy. After several months of training at the police academy, the trainees are required to take written and practical examination to count on the comprehension of the lessons that have been given to them. Upon passport the requirements of the written and practical examinations, the trainee is awarded a assay-mark of police academy training and will then be assigned as a member of the police department. It has been observed that on that point has been an increase in enlisting of police officers in the past decade and it has been predicted that the number of newly recruited police officers will increase in the approach path years. This is for the most part due to the change in the society and politics of the country, as well as the increase in urbanization of cities.THE well-bred RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 AND EQUALITY AMONG MEN The hiring and recruitment of police officers has been influenced by the Civil Rights impress of 1964. Years ago, Martin Luther King had a imagine that all men and women would be equal. The laws and promotion of civil proper(a)s and in-migration has changed the joined States. racial variation and polish prejudice has disgraced the United States affecting the government carcass through legislation. The differences in culture context and heritage are being traversed. Borders are supposedly being crossed.Educational theories and classroom practices are taking up new forms in order to conform and reckon the educational needs of the global societies. Educators and readers are being expected to share views and recognize values from different cultures, races, societies and ethnic groups. They are expected to move extracurricular the system and custom of the dominant society and co ntrol beliefs other than those they are accustomed with. Our laws and approach of Civil Rights and in-migration has changed the United States (AARP, 2004). The take exceptions that confront our nations children relates to the civil responsibility movements and immigration laws.The 1800s industrialization refinement and slave trade increased immigration to the United States, fiddleing around xxv million volume between 1866 and 1915. In 1917, the United States began placing and enforcing restrictions on immigration. The government did have provisions before, however most statutes were requirements for naturalization, government powers, reporting of aliens or items allowed to import. Amid 1875 to 1888, the government treasured to exclude people from coming into the United States that were criminals (whether convicted of crime or misdemeanor), prostitutes, paid or slave laborers, people with contagious diseases, polygamist, anarchist, or any person who wanted or thought it was okay to overthrow a government through forceful vehemence or assassination of public officials.On February 5, 1917, a military commission set frontward by the chairperson Woodrow Wilson, proposed and passed a law that enacted previous exclusions and added to exclude illiterate aliens. The excludable people were imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, persons with physical or mental defects which may affect their ability to earn a living, persons afflicted with tuberculosis, children unaccompanied by their put ups, persons who admitted the commission of a crime involving moral turpitude, and women coming to the United States for immoral purposes. The 1920 U.S. census showed that the heaviest immigration prior to that time were from Great Britain, Ireland, Ger numerous, and other countries in northern Europe.In the itinerary of the ending of World War II in 1945, the number of aliens both legal and illegal increased dramatically. Immigrants were trying to mail poverty and oppressio n from all over the world. Citizens of the United States began feeling the pressure of immigrants taking their jobs and using expensive social work provided by the U.S. government with American levy revenue dollars. The media began to portray evidence of racial ine flavor and color prejudice, damaging the image of the United States. Therefore, immigration and racial equality became debated importunate topics.In 1857, the subject area Education affiliation (NEA) was formed to benefit teachers and students, and work to bring attention to educational issues, such as low teachers salaries, teacher retirement benefits, student testing and other bureaucratic demands. The NEA became an advocate for students and teachers through computer program enhancements to both side of meat actors line arts and score to benefit Immigrants, African Americans, and Indians (Holcomb 2006). The NEA lobbied to advertise laws like The Civil Rights enactment of 1964 and The immigration Nationality Act of 1964, which still affects our laws today, encouraging the theme of multiculturalism, thus expanding champaigns such as history and language arts to include viewpoints of historically powerless and oppressed groups.During the civil rights movement, on that point were two Americas, a depressed America and a white America. The give instruction, bathrooms, pissing fountains, restaurants, bus seats, libraries, movie theaters, hospital floors, and even the line to see Santa Clause were all segregated based on the color of skin. African Americans went to rail four months out of the year because they needed to help earn incomes the rest of the months. Their trails had no cafeteria, most with outside bathrooms and their books were passed down from the white schools so they were all out of date. The school building that contained African American students were falling apart. The classes were overcrowded with too numerous students, and not enough room for all the needed classe s and materials. For the most part, these students had teachers that were substitutes who didnt know what they were doing. The teachers that were in these schools had fixed values for these students and did not provide curriculum that was interesting or pertained to the students who were accomplishment.The assumption of teachers was that these African American students did not deserve a great deal in life and that a little, even a very little, (a very little) for a Negro child is a great deal more than he or she has earned. Complaints were being vocalized with the school districts letting white students ride the bus to touch white schools, and black students had to walk to their school when they lived right next to an all white school.In 1951, the Supreme Court in the end had to face and rule on the subject of civil rights. A group called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored mint (NAACP), created in 1909 to work towards eliminating segregation and discriminati on, came together in a court case Brown versus get on of Education. African Americans had started file suits against the educational systems as early as 1845, except the Supreme Court have five cases to hear in 1951. The issues brought before the court was because of school conditions, segregation, deficient curriculum, student to teacher ratio, teacher training, extracurricular activity programs offered, transportation deficiencies, and of course teacher salaries.The homophobic environment derived from civil rights and immigration issues unlocked, and then caused the world to see that human tendencies are to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype people based on their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characteristics.In 1954, Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, also called Brown I ruled by Chief Justice Warren, acknowledged learning to be the most significant travail of state and local government and repudiated the separate however equal doctrine, decid ing that racially segregated schools were inherently unequal (Brown Foundation, 1996). The conclusion had great impact and important to the civil rights movement. The Supreme Court ruled that school had no place for separate but equal status.A year later(prenominal) the Supreme Court decision in Brown II defined how and when school desegregation would be achieved because there was no standard or deadline set in Brown I. The legal precedence of this time caused far reaching social and ideological implications that brought about changes in the 1960s and beyond. On the other hand, the legal wrangling did not make immigration and civil right issues disappear because of the ambiguity of the legal decisions. The 1960s brought about race riots all over the U.S., deaths because of race, and more laws that declared discrimination illegal.On January 20, 1964, Vice president Lyndon B. sternson was sworn into the Presidency, afterwards the sudden death of hot seat John F. Kennedy. As Ame rica mourned the death of JFK, President Lyndon B. Johnson placed his hand on the sanctum sanctorum Bible that was being held by his married woman and took the oath of office. On that particular day, Lyndon B. Johnson launched his new program called the Great Society. The agenda was mean to produce a better quality of life for all Americans. Reporters knew the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson as a legislative miracle. In fact, golosh West of the Dallas Morning News denotative that Mr. Truman could not get started on a civil rights measuring stick because a intractable congress passed an immigration law over a veto.Jack Kennedy took one strait at federal aid to education, and then backed off. Then he act to get Congress to set up a surgical incision of Housing and urban Development with Cabinet Status and was dark down in the House 264 to 150. On the other hand, West writes that President Johnson was able to get these laws passed exactly the way he wanted them, thus being nam ed The congressional Magician. President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2, 1964, during a luncheon ceremony late President Abraham Lincoln in the East room of the White House. The bill was about discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The President sat at a down(p) table in the center with racks place 72 pens, which was an insufficient amount.He real used over 100 pens to sign this triumphant bill into law. Robert F. Kennedy sat in the front row, Martin Luther King sat in the second row, and other senators and cabinet members attended. President Johnsons speech was swift but had great emphasis as he called on all Americans to close the springs of racial poison and eliminate the last vestiges of wrong in our beloved America.The President intercommunicate of the challenge that Lincoln bestowed upon America postulation for preservation of the union, enlargement of liberties for America and for being true to the Declaration of I ndependence which gives casualness to all. The speech was a direct challenge for all Americans to ensure that all people including Black Americans will be a part of a complete and equal society.Immigrants thus have an equal probability to apply as police officers. However, it has been observed that most immigrants do not perform well in the written examination for police officers because the golf links between illiteracy and illegal immigration is astounding. Hispanic immigrants come to the United States without having the staple literacy skills needed (Garraty and Carnes, 2001). Teachers in Texas are finding that their classes are mostly position language learners. Bilingual assistants are there to scan to students and teacher regarding inform information and notes they are also there to translate during parent teacher conferences.Each state requires that each police officer candidate throw a language proficiency estimation to show that he passed the proficiency and attain ment-level this is required for those individuals whose primary language is not position. The examining committee classifies the applicant and recommends placement and help to benefit the applicant. There are now reports that the spokesperson and the English words Learning programs are now improving. Most immigrants are ocular learners hence English or Spanish languages are no barriers to learning. The problem is when the Hispanic people take the summers off to return to Mexico.Jackie stated that it seems like they lose the English proficiency learned previously. While some teachers see the problem improving there are immigrants who have voiced their concern. There are certain citizens who are touch that teachers are spending more time because of English Language Learners and have even dealt with hearing the American-born individuals in a special class because of observation as a slow reader. Upon further investigation, it was realized the teacher was teaching and rendering to the children in Spanish, which communicative students did not understand.Because education focus has pass multi-cultural teachers use literature to teach about other cultures. Multi-cultural literature develops values and self-concept for students. On the other hand, some say American-born students reading and writing scores are declining and achievement gaps are closing. Some believe that many linguists and educators focus on the multicultural aspect, corrupting the English Language. As of 1992, many states require teachers to have a certification to teach English as a scrap Language, also called ESL in order to assist immigrants who are in training.Teachers must have the appropriate academic background is ESL theory and methodology. While there are some educators who back bilingual education, which is where students learn basic skills in their own language objet dart they are learning to speak English. communicative students will have a see to learn Spanish. However, we are facing political efforts to make English the United States official language. Senator Pete Domenci of New Mexico expressed that the inherent superficiality behind English Only would abjure the United States the opportunity to meet is full market potence.Therefore, he introduced an approach called English Plus. English-plus, adopted in New Mexicos constitution requiring those public school teachers must be trained in both English and Spanish so that communicatory students will be taught English properly. On the other hand, many believe there is no need to make English the official language of the United States because it limits us from having a worldview. The English Language is the most multi-cultural language and it celebrates diversity because of the multi-cultural influences from the French, Germans, and Africans, which continually make it powerful and diverse.There is an increase in the need for police officers to establish peace and order in the country. At the same time, t he country is experiencing a rapid immigration increase of Hispanics and African American students. The appeal of the current level and police administration in terms of the hiring and recruitment process is an interesting area to cover.The costs of raising education potential for both African Americans and Latino students in order to provide equal opportunity for hiring immigrants would be high, yet there would be benefits by savings in public peace and order expenditures and increased tax revenues based on higher incomes. attribute onto our legacy of the past, we are now teaching with a cultural approach attempt to raise the academic and professional achievement of all trainees and students through culturally germane(predicate) lessons.ReferenceAARP, LCCR, & Library of Congress (2004). economize Our History Voices of Civil Rights. The History air The Hearst Corporation.Brown Foundation (1996). Brown VS Board of Education About the Case. Retrieved March 9, 2006 from http//brown vboard.org/ abbreviation/.Garraty, J.A. & Carnes, M.C. (2001). A Short History of the American Nation. (P. 450). New York LongmanKlockars CB (2000) The measurement of police integrity. U.S. Department of Justice Research Briefs. May 2000.